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--- gender_index [2020/08/25 14:36] – laura
+++ gender_index [2025/02/05 13:49] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Gender index ======
-Adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants completed [[1A|baseline]] questions on a broad range of topics, enabling researchers from the [[https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.v.ballering/research|University Medical Center Groningen]] to calculate a gender index. This index is a continuum, ranging from 0% (masculinity) to 100% (femininity). A gender index of 50% indicates androgyny, where equal levels of feminine and masculine characteristics are present ([[sections]]: [[demographics]] ([[sex & gender]]) and [[secondary & linked variables]]).
+Researchers from the [[https://www.rug.nl/staff/a.v.ballering/research|University Medical Center Groningen]] calculated a gender index for adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants based on [[1A|baseline]] questions on a broad range of topics, in order to facilitate the research into the role of gender versus sex in healthy ageing.\\
+Notably, biological [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex|sex]] and psychosocial [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender|gender]] are not the same concepts. Sex refers to the biological characteristics, included but not limited to genes, anatomy, hormones of males and females. Gender, in contrast, entails the embodiment of different roles, behaviors, identities, and relationships of men and women prescribed by societal norms, that result in different social expectations, opportunities and experiences for women and men in a given society. Gender and its embodiment is dynamic over time, while biological sex is mostly stable.\\
-The gender index can be requested in the Lifelines catalogue or by mail (data@lifelines.nl). When this data has been used in your research, you will have to include a reference to the following paper:
+The gender index is a continuum, ranging from 0% ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinity|masculinity]]) to 100% ([[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininity|femininity]]). A gender index of 50% indicates androgyny, where equal levels of feminine and masculine characteristics are present ([[sections]]: [[demographics]] ([[sex & gender]]) and [[secondary & linked variables]]).
-  * [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112968|Ballering A.V., Bonvanie I.J., olde Hartman T.C., Monden R., Rosmalen J.G.M. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine]].
-Publication date: May 2020 (Updates: None)
+The gender index can be requested in the [[https://data-catalogue.lifelines.nl/|Lifelines catalogue]]. When this data has been used in your research, you will have to include a reference to the following paper:
+  * [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112968|Ballering A.V., Bonvanie I.J., olde Hartman T.C., Monden R., Rosmalen J.G.M. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine 253, 112968]].
 ===== Data selection =====
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 The resulting variable from this analysis is the gender index. This variable is a continuum, ranging from 0% (masculinity) to 100% (femininity). A gender index of 50% indicates androgyny, where equal levels of feminine and masculine characteristics are present.\\
 \\
+===== Publications using the Gender Index =====
+  * Ballering AV et al. (2020) Gender and sex independently associate with common somatic symptoms and lifetime prevalence of chronic disease. Social Science & Medicine 253, 112968
+  * Ballering AV et al. (2020) Female sex and femininity independently associate with common somatic symptom trajectories. Psychological Medicine (in press)