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====== Nicotine dependence (FTND) ====== | ====== Nicotine dependence (FTND) ====== | ||
- | The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is a standard instrument for assessing the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine. The test was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. It contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence. | + | Lifetime [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine_dependence|nicotine dependence]], i.e. the intensity of physical addiction to nicotine in the period of heaviest smoking, was assessed in adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) ([[sections|section]]: [[mental health]]).\\ |
+ | Note that Lifelines also assessed participants' [[smoking & tobacco use]] in general. | ||
===== Background ===== | ===== Background ===== | ||
- | The Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire was developed by Karl-Olov Fagerström. This instrument was modified to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence by Todd Heatherton, et al. in 1991. The FTND is copyrighted by Taylor and Francis Ltd., but may be reproduced without permission, as available from the source reference((Heatherton, T.F. et al. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 86:1119-27)).\\ | + | The Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire was developed by Karl-Olov Fagerström. This instrument was modified to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence by Todd Heatherton, et al. in 1991((Heatherton, T.F. et al. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 86:1119-27)). The FTND is copyrighted by Taylor and Francis Ltd., but may be reproduced without permission, as available from the source reference.\\ |
- | In the clinic, the Fagerström test may be used by the physician to document indications for prescribing medication for nicotine withdrawal. | + | The FTND was designed to provide an ordinal measure of nicotine dependence related to cigarette smoking. In the clinic, the Fagerström test may be used by the physician to document indications for prescribing medication for nicotine withdrawal. |
===== Scoring ===== | ===== Scoring ===== | ||
- | In scoring the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, yes/no items are scored from 0 to 1 and multiple-choice items are scored from 0 to 3. The items are summed to yield a total score of 0-10. The higher the total Fagerström score, the more intense is the patient's physical dependence on nicotine. | + | The FTND contains six items that evaluate the quantity of cigarette consumption, the compulsion to use, and dependence (items FTND03-08). Items were scored from 0 to 1 (yes/no items) or from 0 to 3 (multiple-choice items). The scores are summed to yield a total score of 0-10. The higher the total Fagerström score, the more intense is the patient's physical dependence on nicotine. |
- | | **Questions English** | **Questions Dutch** | **Variable** | **Assessment** | **Age** | | + | | **Questions English** | **Questions Dutch** | **Code** | **Variable** | **Assessment** | **Age** | |
- | | Did you ever drink alcohol? | Hebt u ooit alcohol gedronken? | DSM1 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | Which substance did you use during your period of heaviest smoking? | Wat rookte u tijdens de periode dat u het meeste rookte? | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01 | FTND1 | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | To begin to feel tipsy or have a buzz / Think back to the first five or so times you ever had a full drink. How many drinks were needed for you: | Zich aangeschoten of teut voelde / Denk terug aan de eerste 5 keer dat u ooit alcohol dronk. Hoeveel drankjes waren er nodig voordat u: | DSM1A | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many cigarettes did you smoke in your lifetime? | Hoeveel sigaretten hebt u gedurende uw hele leven gerookt? | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_a | FTND1A | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | To feel dizzy or slur your speech / Think back to the first five or so times you ever had a full drink. How many drinks were needed for you: | Duizelig werd of niet meer uit uw woorden kon komen / Denk terug aan de eerste 5 keer dat u ooit alcohol dronk. Hoeveel drankjes waren er nodig voordat u: | DSM1B | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How often did you smoke e-cigarettes in your lifetime? | Hoe vaak hebt u gedurende uw hele leven elektronische sigaretten gerookt? | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_b | FTND1B | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | To stumble or find it hard to walk properly / Think back to the first five or so times you ever had a full drink. How many drinks were needed for you: | Begon te struikelen of niet meer normaal kon lopen / Denk terug aan de eerste 5 keer dat u ooit alcohol dronk. Hoeveel drankjes waren er nodig voordat u: | DSM1C | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many cigars did you smoke in your lifetime? | Hoeveel sigaren hebt u gedurende uw hele leven gerookt? | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_c | FTND1C | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | To pass out or fall asleep when you didn’t want to / Think back to the first five or so times you ever had a full drink. How many drinks were needed for you: | Uw bewustzijn verloor of in slaap viel terwijl dat niet de bedoeling was / Denk terug aan de eerste 5 keer dat u ooit alcohol dronk. Hoeveel drankjes waren er nodig voordat u: | DSM1D | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many cigarillo’s did you smoke in your lifetime? | Hoeveel cigarillo's hebt u gedurende uw hele leven gerookt? | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_d | FTND1D | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | How old were you when you drank alcohol for the first time? | Hoe oud was u toen u voor het eerst alcohol dronk? | DSM2 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many times did you smoke pipe tabacco in your lifetime? | Hoe vaak hebt u gedurende uw hele leven pijp gerookt? | ftnd_lifetime_adu_q_01_e | FTND1E | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | In that year, how often would you drink alcohol? / Answer the following questions about the year in your life when you were drinking the most | Hoe vaak dronk u in dat jaar alcohol? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het jaar dat u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken in uw leven | DSM2A | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How old were you when you smoked a whole cigarette for the first time? | Hoe oud was u toen u voor het eerst een hele sigaret, sigaar, cigarillo of pijp rookte? | ftnd_startage_adu_q_02 | FTND2 | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | In that year, how many drinks did you have at most on one day? / Answer the following questions about the year in your life when you were drinking the most | Hoeveel drankjes dronk u in dat jaar maximaal op één dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het jaar dat u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken in uw leven | DSM2B | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many cigarettes did you usually smoke per day? (There are 20 cigarettes in a pack) / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Hoeveel sigaretten/shagjes rookte u gewoonlijk per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_a | FTND3A | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | In a typical month during that time, how often would you drink alcohol? / Answer the following questions about the year in your life when you were drinking the most | Hoe vaak dronk u in een typische maand in die tijd alcohol? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het jaar dat u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken in uw leven | DSM4 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many e-cigarettes did you usually smoke per day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Hoe vaak rookte u gewoonlijk een elektronische sigaret per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_b | FTND3B | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | On the days that you drank, how many drinks would you usually have? / Answer the following questions about the year in your life when you were drinking the most | Hoeveel drankjes dronk u in die tijd op de dagen dat u dronk? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het jaar dat u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken in uw leven | DSM5 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many cigars did you usually smoke per day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Hoeveel sigaren rookte u gewoonlijk per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_c | FTND3C | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | Did you need to drink more in order to get the same effect that you got when you first started drinking? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Moest u dan meer drinken om hetzelfde effect te krijgen als toen u begon te drinken? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken | DSM6 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many cigarillos did you usually smoke per day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Hoeveel cigarillo's rookte u gewoonlijk per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_d | FTND3D | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | When you cut down on drinking, did your hands shake, or did you sweat or feel agitated? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Als u minder dronk, had u dan last van trillende handen, zweten, of een opgejaagd gevoel? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM7 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | How many times did you usually smoke pipe per day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Hoeveel pijp rookte u gewoonlijk per dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_peak_adu_q_03_e | FTND3E | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | Did you drink to avoid the shakes, sweating, or agitation, or to avoid being hungover? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Dronk u om geen last te hebben van trillende handen, zweten, of een opgejaagd gevoel, of om een kater te vermijden? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM8 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | how soon after you woke up did you smoke your first cigarette? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Hoe lang na het ontwaken rookte u de eerste sigaret, elektronische sigaret, sigaar, cigarillo of pijp? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_wakeup_adu_q_04 | FTND4 | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | Once you started drinking alcohol, did you end up drinking more than you planned? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Als u eenmaal begon met drinken, dronk u dan meer dan u eigenlijk van plan was? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM9 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | Did you find it difficult to refrain from smoking in places where it was forbidden? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Vond u het moeilijk om niet te roken op plekken waar dit niet mocht? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_locations_adu_q_05 | FTND5 | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | Did you try to reduce or stop drinking alcohol but failed? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Hebt u geprobeerd te stoppen of te minderen met drinken, maar is dit niet gelukt? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM10 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | Which smoking moment would you have hated most to give up? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Welk rookmoment zou u het minst graag hebben opgegeven? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_moments_adu_q_06 | FTND6 | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | On the days that you drank, did you spend substantial time in obtaining alcohol, drinking, or in recovering from the effects of alcohol? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Op de dagen dat u dronk, kostte het dan veel tijd om alcohol te kopen, te drinken, of te herstellen van de effecten van alcohol? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM11 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | Did you smoke more frequently during the first hours after awakening than during the rest of the day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Rookte u de eerste uren na het opstaan meer dan gedurende de rest van de dag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_mornings_adu_q_07 | FTND7 | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | Did you spend less time working, enjoying hobbies, or being with others because of your drinking? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Besteedde u minder tijd aan werken, hobby's, op dingen doen met anderen vanwege het drinken? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM12 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | | Did you smoke even if you were so ill that you were in bed most of the day? / Answer the following questions for the period in which our smoking was at its heaviest | Rookte u ook door als u zo ziek was dat u het grootste deel van de dag in bed lag? / Beantwoord de volgende vragen over het moment dat u het meest rookte in uw leven | ftnd_illness_adu_q_08 | FTND8 | [[3A Questionnaire 2|3A]] | 18+ | |
- | | Did you continue to drink even though you knew that the drinking caused you health or mental problems? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Bleef u doordrinken terwijl u wist dat drinken problemen voor uw (geestelijke) gezondheid opleverde? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM13 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | Did you become intoxicated, high, or hung over more than once, when you had other responsibilities at school, at work, or at home? Did this cause any problems? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Bent u meer dan eens dronken of high geweest of heeft u meer dan eens een kater gehad terwijl u dingen te doen had op school, op het werk, of thuis? Leverde dit problemen op? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM14 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | Were you intoxicated more than once in any situation where you were physically at risk, for example, driving a car, riding a motorbike, using machinery, boating, etc.? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Bent u in die periode meer dan eens dronken geweest in een situatie waarin u persoonlijk risico liep, bijvoorbeeld autorijden, rijden op een motor, gebruik van machines, varen, etc.? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM15 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | Did you have legal problems more than once because of your drinking, for example, an arrest or disorderly conduct? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Bent u vanwege drinken meer dan eens met justitie in aanraking geweest, bijvoorbeeld vanwege een arrestatie of onbehoorlijk gedrag? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM16 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | Did you continue to drink even though your drinking caused problems with your family or other people? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Bent u blijven drinken ondanks dat dit problemen met uw gezin of andere mensen veroorzaakte? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM17 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | Did you crave a drink of alcohol, or found that you couldn’t think of anything else but a drink? / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Had u in die periode enorme behoefte aan drank, of kon u aan niets anders denken dan aan drinken? / De volgende vragen gaan over de mogelijke problemen die u zou kunnen ervaren gedurende de 12 maanden waarin u het meeste alcohol hebt gedronken. Als u terugkijkt op die tijd: | DSM18 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | How old were you when you first began to experience any of these problems? (age in years) / The following questions are about some problems you might have experienced during the 12 months when your drinking was at its worst | Hoe oud was u toen u tegen deze problemen aanliep? | DSM19 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | In your lifetime, what is the highest number of drinks you’ve ever had in a single 24-hour period? | Wat is het grootste aantal drankjes dat u gedurende uw leven ooit op één dag (24 uur) hebt gedronken? | DSM20 | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | From age (x) / How old were you in the period that you drank the most? | Van [x] jaar / Hoe oud was u in de periode dat u het meeste dronk? | DSM21A | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |
- | | Until age (x) / How old were you in the period that you drank the most? | Tot [x] jaar / Hoe oud was u in de periode dat u het meeste dronk? | DSM21B | [[3A Questionnaire 1|3A]] | 18+ | | + | |