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skin_autofluorescence

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skin_autofluorescence [2019/10/11 11:22] – trynkeskin_autofluorescence [2025/02/05 13:49] (current) – external edit 127.0.0.1
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 ====== Skin Autofluorescence ====== ====== Skin Autofluorescence ======
  
-Skin [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofluorescence|autofluorescence]] (SAF) was measured in participants in order to determine the level of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product|Advanced Glycation Endproducts]] (AGEs) using the [[https://www.diagnoptics.com/nl/age-reader|AGE Reader]] device. AGEs are associated with ageing and development of several chronic diseases such as diabetes, renal insufficiency, and cardiovascular disease.+Skin [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofluorescence|autofluorescence]] (SAF) ([[sections|section]]: [[physical state]]) was measured in adult [[start|Lifelines]] participants during [[1A Visit 1]] (n = ~84.000, n = ~76,000 after rigorous quality control). 
  
 ===== Background ===== ===== Background =====
-AGEs are glycated proteins or lipids as a result of exposure to sugars (the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maillard_reaction|Maillard reaction]]). The presence of AGEs increases the level of SAF, and indeed SAF levels are increased in patients with diabetes, renal failure and in patients with vascular complications. Moreover, SAF is strongly related to the progression of coronary heart disease and mortality, independently of traditional risk factors.\\  +SAF was measured in Lifelines participants using the [[https://www.diagnoptics.com/nl/age-reader|AGE Reader]], a noninvasive instrument to determine the accumulation of [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product|Advanced Glycation Endproducts]] (AGEs) in the skin of the forearm.\\ 
-The AGE-Reader is a noninvasive instrument to measure AGE accumulation in the human skin of the forearm, using the characteristic autofluorescence pattern that AGEs encompass. SAF-derived AGE values appear to be good predictors of long-term vascular complications in diabetes and in other conditions associated with AGE accumulation ((Mulder DJ et al. (2006). Skin autofluorescence, a novel marker for glycemic and oxidative stress-derived advanced glycation endproducts: an overview of current clinical studies, evidence, and limitations. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 8(5):523-535))((Bos DC et al. (2011) Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 13(7):773-779)).\\+Increased AGE levels are associated with ageing and development of several chronic diseases such as diabetes, renal insufficiency, and cardiovascular disease.AGEs are glycated proteins or lipids as a result of exposure to sugars (the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maillard_reaction|Maillard reaction]]). The presence of AGEs increases the level of SAF, and indeed SAF levels are increased in patients with diabetes, renal failure and in patients with vascular complications. Moreover, SAF is strongly related to the progression of coronary heart disease and mortality, independently of traditional risk factors.\\ 
 +In general, SAF-derived AGE values appear to be good predictors of long-term vascular complications in diabetes and in other conditions associated with AGE accumulation((Mulder DJ et al. (2006). Skin autofluorescence, a novel marker for glycemic and oxidative stress-derived advanced glycation endproducts: an overview of current clinical studies, evidence, and limitations. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 8(5):523-535))((Bos DC et al. (2011) Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics 13(7):773-779)).\\
  
 ===== Validation ===== ===== Validation =====
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 ===== Protocol & Quality Control ===== ===== Protocol & Quality Control =====
-The AGE-reader illuminates a skin surface of approximately 4 cm², guarded against surrounding 
-light, using an excitation light source with a wavelength between 300 and 420 nm (peak intensity at ~ 370 nm). Emission light and reflected excitation light from the skin are measured with an internal spectrometer in the range 300–600 nm.\\ 
-SAF is calculated by dividing the average emitted light intensity per nanometre in the range of 420–600 nm by the average excited light intensity per nanometre in the range 300–420 nm and multiplied by 100. SAF levels are expressed in arbitrary units and will increase or decrease per arbitrary unit (AU)((Van Waateringe RP et al. (2016) Lifestyle and clinical determinants of skin autofluorescence in a population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Invest. 46(5): 481-490)). 
 In adult Lifelines participants, three measurements were made on the volar side of the forearm, 10 cm below the elbow, at room temperature. The average of these three values (or the median in case of 1 deviant value) is released for analyses.\\ In adult Lifelines participants, three measurements were made on the volar side of the forearm, 10 cm below the elbow, at room temperature. The average of these three values (or the median in case of 1 deviant value) is released for analyses.\\
 +Measurements were made with an AGE-reader by illuminating a skin surface of approximately 4 cm², guarded against surrounding light, using an excitation light source with a wavelength between 300 and 420 nm (peak intensity at ~ 370 nm) for 10 seconds. Emission light and reflected excitation light from the skin are measured with an internal spectrometer in the range 300–600 nm.\\
 +SAF is calculated by dividing the average emitted light intensity per nanometre in the range of 420–600 nm by the average excited light intensity per nanometre in the range 300–420 nm and multiplied by 100. SAF levels are expressed in arbitrary units and will increase or decrease per arbitrary unit (AU)((Van Waateringe RP et al. (2016) Lifestyle and clinical determinants of skin autofluorescence in a population-based cohort study. Eur J Clin Invest. 46(5): 481-490)).\\
  
 Ca 9% of the measurements at [[1A visit 2|baseline]] were excluded for use in analyses after quality control. Reasons for exclusion were: Ca 9% of the measurements at [[1A visit 2|baseline]] were excluded for use in analyses after quality control. Reasons for exclusion were:
-  * Use of sunscreen by participants on the day of measurement +  * Use of sunscreen by participants on the day of measurement; 
-  * Calibration errors (i.e. dates on which all measurements of a single AGE-reader were deviant) +  * Calibration errors (i.e. dates on which all measurements of a single AGE-reader were deviant); 
-  * Deviations in repeated measures within 1 participant +  * Substantial deviations in repeated measures within 1 participant. 
-Details about the quality control of AGE-reader results can be obtain from Lifelines (on request).+Details about the quality control of AGE-reader results can be obtained from Lifelines (research@lifelines.nl, on request).
  
 ===== Publications using Lifelines data ===== ===== Publications using Lifelines data =====
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 | **Questions English**  | **Questions Dutch**       | **Variable**  | **Assessment**   | **Age**  | | **Questions English**  | **Questions Dutch**       | **Variable**  | **Assessment**   | **Age**  |
-| Skin cream used        | Creme gebruikt            | ARCREME       | [[1A Visit 2|]]  | 18+      | +| Skin cream used        | Creme gebruikt            | ARCREME       | [[1A Visit 1|]]  | 18+      | 
-| Suncream used          | Zonnebrandcreme gebruikt  | ARZON         | [[1A Visit 2|]]  | 18+      | +| Suncream used          | Zonnebrandcreme gebruikt  | ARZON         | [[1A Visit 1|]]  | 18+      | 
-| Skin Autofluorescence  | AgeReader SAF             | SAF           | [[1A Visit 2|]]  | 18+      | +| Skin Autofluorescence  | AgeReader SAF             | SAF           | [[1A Visit 1|]]  | 18+      | 
-| Reflection             | AgeReader Reflectie       | UVREFLECT     | [[1A Visit 2|]]  | 18+      |+| Reflection             | AgeReader Reflectie       | UVREFLECT     | [[1A Visit 1|]]  | 18+      |
  
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