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====== Self-Management (SMAS) ======

The Self-Management Ability Scale (SMAS-30) is an instrument aimed to measure the self-management skills of elderly people ([[sections|section]]: [[wellbeing & subjective health]]). In Lifelines, the scale was used to assess self-management skills of all adult participants. 

===== Background =====

The first version of the SMAS-30 was originally developed in Dutch, with the aim to determine whether self-management courses for Dutch elderly people actually result in an improvement of  self-management skills. In the second version, which was implemented in Lifelines, some questions were rephrased. 
The SMAS-30 measures six self-management skills, resulting in subscores per skill as well as a total sum score. The six skills are based on the theory of the self-management of well-being ((Steverink et al (2005). How to understand and improve older people’s self-management of wellbeing. European journal of aging 2(4):235-244)). These skills are:
  - Taking the initiative (active-motivational ability), Q1-5
  - Self-efficacy beliefs (cognitive ability), Q6-10
  - Investment behaviour (active-motivational ability), Q11-15 
  - A positive frame of mind (cognitive ability), Q16-20
  - Multifunctionality or resources (resource-combining ability), Q21-25
  - Variety in resources (resource-combining ability), Q26-30

===== Scoring =====

The SMAS-30/v2 comprises of 30 questions that refer to daily life activities. Things people do, hobby’s, contacts with other people, family, exercise, etcetera. Participants are intstructed to think of their own general life in the past three months, and to choose the most fitting response on a 5 or 6-point [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likert_scale|Likert scale]]. The exact options in the Likert scale change throughout the questionnaire as follows:
  * Q1-5, Q11-15, and Q20-25: [1] never; [2] rarely; [3] sometimes; [4] regularly; [5] often; [6] very often
  * Q6-10: 1] definitely not; [2] I don’t think so; [3] sometimes yes; sometimes no; [4] I think so; [5] definitely yes
  * Q16-20: [1] No!; [2] No; [3] More or less; [4] Yes, [5] Yes!
  * Q26-30: [1] none; [2] one; [3] two; [4] three or four; [5] fice or six; [6] more than six

A score for each self-management skill, and a total score for general self-management abilities, can be obtained as follows:
  * Convert each answer on a 6-point Likert scale to a 0-5 score, and each answer on a 5-point Likert scale to a 0-4 score.
  * Multiply the scores on 6-point Likert scale items by 4, and scores on 5-point Likert scale items by 5, to get a 0-20 score on each item.
  * Calculate the average of the 5 scores per skill – note that no more than 1 score per skill may be missing – and multiply the outcome by 5 to get a subscore between 0-100 for each of the six self-management skills. 
  * The total self-management score is the average of the six subscores.
  * The results can be used to describe any or total self-management skills in a cohort, to evaluate changes over time, or to assess the effectivity of an event or an intervention. 

===== Permission =====

The instrument can be used free of charge via [[http://www.meetinstrumentenzorg.nl]]. The developers of the instrument ask to cite the following sources: Steverink et al. (2005) on the theory behind the SMAS-30 ((Steverink et al (2005). How to understand and improve older people’s self-management of wellbeing. European journal of aging 2(4):235-244)), ((Schuurmans et al. (2005). How to measure self-management abilities in older people by self-report: the development of the SMAS-30. Quality of life research 2005;14(10):2215-2228)), ((Steverink N. (2009) Self-Management Ability Scale: SMAS-30/versie 2: achtergrond, handleiding en scoring)). 

===== Variables ======

| **Questions English**                                                                                                                                          | **Questions Dutch**                                                                                                                     | **Code**                          | **Variable**  | **Assessment**  | **Age**  |
| How often do you take the initiative to contact the people you care about?                                                                                     | Hoe vaak neemt u het initiatief tot contact met de mensen om wie u veel geeft?                                                          | smas_initiative_adu_q_01          | SMAS1         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| How often do you take the initiative to have fun contacts with other people?                                                                                   | Hoe vaak neemt u het initiatief om leuke contacten met anderen te hebben?                                                               | smas_initiative_adu_q_02          | SMAS2         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| How often do you take the initiative to actively engage in something?                                                                                          | Hoe vaak neemt u het initiatief om actief met iets bezig te zijn?                                                                       | smas_initiative_adu_q_03          | SMAS3         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| How often are you engaged in making your house or room as comfortable as possible for yourself (for example by cleaning up or by creating a cosy atmosphere)?  | Hoe vaak bent u bezig uw huis of kamer voor uzelf zo comfortabel mogelijk te maken (bijv. door op te ruimen of het gezellig te maken)?  | smas_initiative_adu_q_04          | SMAS4         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you ever try to be good at something?                                                                                                                       | Probeert u wel eens ergens goed in te zijn?                                                                                             | smas_initiative_adu_q_05          | SMAS5         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Are you good at something?                                                                                                                                     | Bent u ergens goed in?                                                                                                                  | smas_selfefficacy_adu_q_06        | SMAS6         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you succeed in finding enjoyable activities?                                                                                                                | Lukt het u om plezierige bezigheden te vinden?                                                                                          | smas_selfefficacy_adu_q_07        | SMAS7         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you succeed in letting others know that you care about them?                                                                                                | Lukt het u om anderen te laten merken dat u om hen geeft?                                                                               | smas_selfefficacy_adu_q_08        | SMAS8         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you succeed in taking good care of yourself?                                                                                                                | Lukt het u om goed voor uzelf te zorgen?                                                                                                | smas_selfefficacy_adu_q_09        | SMAS9         | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you succeed in having fun contacts with other people?                                                                                                       | Lukt het u om leuke contacten met anderen te hebben?                                                                                    | smas_selfefficacy_adu_q_10        | SMAS10        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you sometimes make a small gesture in order to maintain good contact with your acquaintances (for example making a phone call or sending a postcard)?       | Doet u wel eens iets kleins om het contact met uw kennissen goed te houden (bijv. een telefoontje of een kaartje sturen)?               | smas_investment_adu_q_11          | SMAS11        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you make sure you have enough regular activities (such as a hobby) so that you remain active?                                                               | Zorgt u voor voldoende vaste bezigheden (zoals een hobby) zodat u actief bezig blijft?                                                  | smas_investment_adu_q_12          | SMAS12        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you spend time and effort to maintain a good contact with the people you care about?                                                                        | Besteedt u tijd en aandacht aan het onderhouden van een goed contact met de mensen om wie u veel geeft?                                 | smas_investment_adu_q_13          | SMAS13        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you keep engaging in the things you are good at, so that you remain (very) good at them?                                                                    | Blijft u bezig met de dingen waar u goed in bent, zodat u er ook (heel) goed in blijft?                                                 | smas_investment_adu_q_14          | SMAS14        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you make sure you exercise enough to stay fit longer?                                                                                                       | Zorgt u voor voldoende lichaamsbeweging of het doen van oefeningen om langer fit te blijven?                                            | smas_investment_adu_q_15          | SMAS15        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you expect that, in the future, you will continue to be able to take care of yourself?                                                                      | Verwacht u dat u, in de toekomst, zich zult kunnen blijven redden?                                                                      | smas_positivity_adu_q_16          | SMAS16        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you expect that, in the future, you will engage in pleasant activities?                                                                                     | Verwacht u dat u, in de toekomst, leuke bezigheden zult hebben?                                                                         | smas_positivity_adu_q_17          | SMAS17        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you expect that, in the future, you will have family or friends around you?                                                                                 | Verwacht u dat u, in de toekomst, familie of vrienden om u heen zult hebben?                                                            | smas_positivity_adu_q_18          | SMAS18        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you expect that, in the future, you can be of meaning to others?                                                                                            | Verwacht u dat u, in de toekomst, iets kunt betekenen voor anderen?                                                                     | smas_positivity_adu_q_19          | SMAS19        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you expect that, in the future, you will have sufficient pleasant social contacts with others?                                                              | Verwacht u dat u, in de toekomst, voldoende gezelligheid met anderen zult hebben?                                                       | smas_positivity_adu_q_20          | SMAS20        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Could you indicate to what extent the following statement applies to you? I do the activities that I find pleasurable together with others.                    | De bezigheden waar ik plezier aan beleef, doe ik samen met anderen.                                                                     | smas_multifunctionality_adu_q_21  | SMAS21        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Could you indicate to what extent the following statement applies to you? Others benefit from the things I do for fun.                                         | Anderen hebben baat bij de dingen die ik doe voor mijn plezier.                                                                         | smas_multifunctionality_adu_q_22  | SMAS22        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Could you indicate to what extent the following statement applies to you? I engage in my hobbies together with other people.                                   | Mijn hobby’s doe ik samen met anderen.                                                                                                  | smas_multifunctionality_adu_q_23  | SMAS23        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Could you indicate to what extent the following statement applies to you? I do fun things with people from the neighborhood.                                   | Ik doe gezellige dingen met mensen uit de buurt.                                                                                        | smas_multifunctionality_adu_q_24  | SMAS24        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Could you indicate to what extent the following statement applies to you? I sometimes help people in the neighborhood with something.                          | Ik help mensen uit de buurt wel eens ergens mee.                                                                                        | smas_multifunctionality_adu_q_25  | SMAS25        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| How many hobbies or regular activities do you have?                                                                                                            | Hoeveel hobby’s of vaste bezigheden heeft u?                                                                                            | smas_resources_adu_q_26           | SMAS26        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Do you have several ways to relax when this is needed?                                                                                                         | Heeft u verschillende manieren om tot rust te komen wanneer dit nodig is?                                                               | smas_resources_adu_q_27           | SMAS27        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| Are there things you are good at?                                                                                                                              | Zijn er dingen waar u goed in bent?                                                                                                     | smas_resources_adu_q_28           | SMAS28        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| With how many people (family members and others) do you have a confidential relationship?                                                                      | Met hoeveel mensen (familieleden en anderen) heeft u een vertrouwelijke band?                                                           | smas_resources_adu_q_29           | SMAS29        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |
| At how many occasions do you have enjoyable contacts with other people (for example while shopping, or at an association)?                                     | Bij hoeveel gelegenheden heeft u leuke contacten met anderen (bijv. tijdens het winkelen, of bij een vereniging)?                       | smas_resources_adu_q_30           | SMAS30        | [[1C]]          | 18+      |