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====== Social functioning (SPF-IL) ======

The Social Production Function Instrument for the Level of well-being, short version [SPF-IL(s)]((Nieboer, A., Lindenberg, S., Boomsma, A., & van Bruggen, A. C. (2005). Dimensions of well-being and their measurement: the SPF-IL scale. Social Indicators Research, 73: 313-353)) measures overall well-being via self-report ([[sections]]: [[wellbeing & subjective health]] and [[mental health]]).\\ 
The SPF-IL is being used in research as a marker for quality of life (together with the [[QUality of Life (RAND)|RAND-36]]), especially the social aspects of well-being. Since the importance of social well-being and, on the other hand, the deleterious effects of social stress and loneliness are increasingly recognized, the instrument will likely be used in the future to assess the role of social well-being in a wide array of health issues (or vice versa). 

===== Background and validation =====
The SPF-IL is based on the Theory of Social Production Functions((Lindenberg, S. (1996) Continuities in the theory of social production functions. In: Lindenberg, S.M. &  Ganzeboom, H.B.G. (eds),  Verklarende sociologie: opstellen voor Reinhard Wippler [Explanatory sociology: Essays in honor of Reinhard Wippler]. Thesis, Amsterdam, pp 169-184)).\\ In this theory, overall well-being is conceptualized as the result of     
  * physical well-being - the fulfillment of two basic physical needs: “comfort” and “stimulation”
  * social well-being - the fulfillment of three social needs: “affection”, “behavioral confirmation”, and “ status”.\\ 

The SPF-IL(s) consists of 15 items: 6 items covering physical well-being and 9 covering social well-being. For each item participants had to indicate how many times they felt that way or experienced it that way __in the last year__:  
•	1) not at all, 2) sometimes, 3) often, 4) always

^ Dimension            ^ Need          | Variable          |
| Physical Well-being  | Comfort       | 12, 13, 14        |
| Physical Well-being  | Stimulation   | 15, 16, 17        |
| Social Well-being    | Affection     | 1, 2, 3           |
| Social Well-being    | Confirmation  | 4, 5, 6, 10, 11*  |
| Social Well-being    | Status        | 7, 8, 9           |

*Items 5 and 6 were replaced by items 10 and 11 in a later version of the SPF-IL.\\
The SPF-IL was validated in several published studies ((Nieboer, A., Lindenberg, S., Boomsma, A., & van Bruggen, A. C. (2005). Dimensions of well-being and their measurement: the SPF-IL scale. Social Indicators Research, 73: 313-353)) ((Steverink, N. & Lindenberg, S. (2006). Which social needs are important for subjective well-being? What happens to them with aging? Psychology and Aging, 21, 281-290)) and was found to have good psychometric properties.

Several publications have used Lifelines SPF-IL data in their analyses ((Kuiper et al. (2016) The relationship between social functioning and subjective memory complaints in older persons: a population‐based longitudinal cohort study; International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 32(10): 1059-1071))((Klijs et al. (2017) Do social relations buffer the effect of neighborhood deprivation on healthrelated quality of life? Results from the LifeLines Cohort Study; Health & Place 44: 43-51))((Klijs et al. (2016) Neighborhood income and major depressive disorder in a large Dutch population: results from the LifeLines Cohort study. BMC Public Health 16: 773))((Wanders et al. (2016) Casting wider nets for anxiety and depression: disability-driven cross-diagnostic subtypes in a large cohort. Psychological Medicine 46(16): 3371-3382))((Peters et al. (2015) Construct validity of the Groningen Frailty Indicator established in a large sample of home-dwelling elderly persons: Evidence of stability across age and gender. Experimental Gerontology 69: 120-141))

===== Variables =====

The following SPF-IL variables are collected in Lifelines. Note that the SPF-IL moved from [[1A Questionnaire 1]] to [[1A Questionnaire 2]] during assessment 1A. 

| **Questions English**                                                                                                                                               | **Questions Dutch**                                                                                                                                                           | **Code**                     | **Variable**  | **Assessment**                                                                      | **Age**  |
| the following questions are about how you felt in the past year                                                                                                     | de volgende vragen gaan over hoe u zich voelt (afgelopen jaar).                                                                                                               |                              |               |                                                                                     |          |
| do people pay attention to you?                                                                                                                                     | hebben mensen aandacht voor u?                                                                                                                                                | spfil_affection_adu_q_01     | spfil1        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| do people help you if you have a problem?                                                                                                                           | wil men u helpen als u een probleem heeft?                                                                                                                                    | spfil_affection_adu_q_02     | spfil2        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| do you feel that people really love you?                                                                                                                            | voelt u dat mensen echt van u houden?                                                                                                                                         | spfil_affection_adu_q_03     | spfil3        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| there are situations in which we deal with groups of people, for example at home, at work or during our leisure time. do others appreciate your role in the group?  | er zijn situaties waarin men te maken heeft met groepen mensen, zoals op school, op het werk, bij familie, bij een vereniging of kerk. waarderen anderen uw rol in de groep?  | spfil_confirmation_adu_q_04  | spfil4        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| when you are at school, at work, with family, at an association or in church, do you feel like you belong?                                                          | als u op school, op het werk, bij familie, een vereniging of de kerk bent, heeft u dan het gevoel dat u erbij hoort?                                                          | spfil_confirmation_adu_q_05  | spfil5        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| do others appreciate the things you do?                                                                                                                             | waarderen anderen de dingen die u doet?                                                                                                                                       | spfil_confirmation_adu_q_06  | spfil6        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| do people think you do better than others?                                                                                                                          | vindt men dat u beter presteert dan anderen?                                                                                                                                  | spfil_status_adu_q_07        | spfil7        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| do people ﬁnd you an inﬂuential person?                                                                                                                             | ziet men u als iemand met invloed?                                                                                                                                            | spfil_status_adu_q_08        | spfil8        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| are you known for the things you have accomplished?                                                                                                                 | staat u bekend om de dingen die u hebt gepresteerd?                                                                                                                           | spfil_status_adu_q_09        | spfil9        | [[1A Questionnaire 1|1A]] [[2B]] [[3B]] [[4A Questionnaire Health 2| 4A]] [[ACTQ]]  | 18+      |
| do people ﬁnd you reliable?                                                                                                                                         | vinden mensen u betrouwbaar?                                                                                                                                                  | spfil_status_adu_q_10        | spfil10       | [[ACTQ]]                                                                            | 60-80    |
| do you feel useful to others?                                                                                                                                       | voelt u zich nuttig voor anderen?                                                                                                                                             | spfil_status_adu_q_11        | spfil11       | [[ACTQ]]                                                                            | 60-80    |
| in the past few months have you felt relaxed?                                                                                                                       | voelde u zich het afgelopen jaar ontspannen?                                                                                                                                  | spfil_status_adu_q_12        | spfil12       | [[ACTQ]]                                                                            | 60-80    |
| in the past few months have you felt perfectly healthy?                                                                                                             | voelde u zich het afgelopen jaar goed gezond?                                                                                                                                 | spfil_status_adu_q_13        | spfil13       | [[ACTQ]]                                                                            | 60-80    |
| in the past few months have you felt physically comfortable?                                                                                                        | voelde u zich het afgelopen jaar lichamelijk prettig?                                                                                                                         | spfil_status_adu_q_14        | spfil14       | [[ACTQ]]                                                                            | 60-80    |
| are your activities challenging to you?                                                                                                                             | zijn uw bezigheden een uitdaging voor u?                                                                                                                                      | spfil_status_adu_q_15        | spfil15       | [[ACTQ]]                                                                            | 60-80    |
| do you really enjoy your activities?                                                                                                                                | hebt u veel plezier in uw bezigheden?                                                                                                                                         | spfil_status_adu_q_16        | spfil16       | [[ACTQ]]                                                                            | 60-80    |
| how often are you fully concentrated when doing something?                                                                                                          | hoe vaak bent u volledig geconcentreerd met iets bezig?                                                                                                                       | spfil_status_adu_q_17        | spfil17       | [[ACTQ]]                                                                            | 60-80    |
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